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Tizimín, nestled in the heart of the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, occupies a geographically significant position within a largely flat, low-lying landscape. Located at approximately 21.14°N, 88.16°W, the city sits at a modest elevation of around 15 meters (49 feet) above sea level, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer. The surrounding terrain is characterized by limestone bedrock, typical of the karst topography of the Yucatán, influencing drainage patterns and groundwater dynamics. Tizimín is situated inland, approximately 120 kilometers (75 miles) southwest of the Gulf of Mexico, meaning coastal breezes offer some, albeit limited, ventilation. The city’s urban fabric is a blend of traditional Mayan architecture and modern construction, reflecting its rich cultural heritage and evolving economy. The immediate periphery transitions rapidly into agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to henequen (sisal) cultivation and citrus farming, which can contribute localized particulate matter during harvesting and processing. Further afield, the landscape is dominated by extensive grasslands and scrub forests, interspersed with cenotes – sinkholes indicative of the underlying limestone. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activities impacting air quality in the immediate vicinity of the city. The lack of significant topographic barriers and the prevailing flat terrain can exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The regional climate, a tropical savanna, dictates humidity levels and rainfall patterns, further influencing atmospheric dispersion.

Tizimín experiences a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures, often accompanied by periods of stagnant air. This can lead to a build-up of pollutants from local sources, such as vehicle emissions and agricultural activities like controlled burns for land clearing, although these are increasingly regulated. The lack of consistent rainfall to ‘wash’ the atmosphere contributes to this effect. During the wet season (May to October), frequent rainfall and increased humidity generally improve air quality by removing particulate matter and diluting gaseous pollutants. However, heavy downpours can temporarily increase dust levels as they resuspend soil particles. The prevailing winds, often light and variable, can become more consistent during the wet season, aiding in pollutant dispersal. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during cooler nights in the dry season, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of prolonged calm and high humidity. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding potential dust events following heavy rainfall is advised. Agricultural practices, particularly the use of machinery and potential for localized burning, require careful monitoring and mitigation strategies to minimize their impact on air quality throughout the year. The combination of temperature, humidity, and wind patterns creates a dynamic air quality environment in Tizimín.