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Choybalsan, nestled in the Dornod province of eastern Mongolia, occupies a geographically significant position within the vast expanse of the Mongolian steppe. Located at approximately 48.07°N, 114.52°E and an elevation of around 750 meters above sea level, the city’s urban footprint is defined by its adaptation to a semi-arid climate and the undulating terrain characteristic of the region. The surrounding landscape is dominated by grasslands, transitioning into rolling hills and sparse forests towards the eastern fringes, reflecting the broader ecological zone of the Mongolian-Manchurian forest steppe. The city sits relatively far from major rivers, relying primarily on groundwater and seasonal streams for water resources, a factor influencing local environmental management. While not directly adjacent to a large body of water, the proximity to the Onon River, approximately 100km to the north, influences regional weather patterns. Choybalsan’s economy is rooted in livestock herding and, increasingly, in the processing of agricultural products and light industry, including some coal-related activities. This creates a gradual urban-rural gradient, with agricultural zones and nomadic pastures extending outwards. The city’s air quality is therefore intrinsically linked to both regional meteorological conditions and localized emissions from these activities. The expansive, relatively flat terrain surrounding Choybalsan can contribute to the stagnation of pollutants under certain weather conditions, particularly during periods of temperature inversion, exacerbating local air quality challenges. The city’s location within a broad, open steppe environment means that while pollutants can disperse, they are also susceptible to long-range transport from other industrial areas.

Choybalsan’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by Mongolia’s continental climate. Winters (November – March) are typically the most challenging period. Characterized by frigid temperatures and frequent temperature inversions – where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground – pollutants become concentrated, leading to periods of reduced visibility and heightened respiratory concerns. The lack of wind during these months further compounds the issue, preventing effective dispersion. Spring (April – May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and wind speeds increase, though dust storms, common across the Mongolian steppe, can temporarily degrade air quality. Summer (June – August) generally offers the best air quality, with warmer temperatures, more frequent winds, and occasional rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. However, localized agricultural burning, a traditional practice, can contribute to short-term pollution spikes. Autumn (September – October) sees a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and increasing wind speeds. While generally better than winter, the onset of cooler air masses can occasionally trigger localized inversions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and monitoring local air quality reports. During spring, wearing masks during dust storms is advisable. While summer typically offers cleaner air, awareness of potential agricultural burning events is prudent. The dry climate throughout much of the year means that humidity plays a minimal role in pollutant removal.