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Fès, Morocco's second-largest city, occupies a strategic position in north-central Morocco within the Fès-Meknès region, nestled in the fertile Saïss plain at an elevation of approximately 410 meters above sea level. This ancient imperial city, founded in the 8th century, is characterized by its dense, labyrinthine medina—a UNESCO World Heritage site—surrounded by expanding modern suburbs. The city's geography significantly influences its air quality: situated between the Middle Atlas Mountains to the south and the Rif Mountains to the north, Fès experiences a semi-continental climate with limited natural ventilation. The surrounding landscape includes agricultural zones producing olives, grains, and fruits, which contribute to seasonal biomass burning and dust. Proximity to the Sebou River provides some moisture but no major mitigating effect on pollution. Urban sprawl has created a distinct urban–rural gradient, with industrial activities concentrated in peripheral areas like the Sidi Brahim industrial zone, emitting particulates and gases. The city's bowl-like topography, combined with frequent temperature inversions, traps pollutants from vehicles, residential heating, and small-scale industries, exacerbating air quality issues, particularly in the densely populated medina where narrow streets hinder dispersion.

In Fès, air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its semi-arid climate and urban dynamics. Winter, from December to February, sees the worst pollution due to increased use of wood and coal for heating, combined with frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground, creating hazy conditions; sensitive groups like asthmatics should limit outdoor activities during this period. Spring, from March to May, brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and occasional rainfall helps cleanse the air, though dust storms from the Sahara can cause temporary spikes in particulate matter. Summer, from June to August, features hot, dry weather with strong northeasterly winds that disperse pollutants, making it the best season for outdoor activities, but high ozone levels may occur on sunny days. Autumn, from September to November, sees a return to stable conditions with moderate pollution as agricultural burning and reduced winds lead to accumulation of emissions. Throughout the year, the lack of significant precipitation exacerbates particulate buildup, and residents are advised to monitor local air quality reports, especially during winter inversions and spring dust events.