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Berkane, nestled in the Oriental region of Morocco at coordinates 34.9167°N, -2.3167°W, occupies a unique geographical position. The city sits at an elevation of approximately 180 meters, cradled between the Rif Mountains to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the east. This location significantly influences its air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills and fertile plains, primarily dedicated to citrus cultivation and agriculture, particularly oranges and olives. Berkane isn’t directly on the coast, but its proximity – roughly 30km – means it experiences maritime influences, including humidity and occasional sea breezes. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is densely populated, transitioning quickly to agricultural land. While Berkane isn’t a major industrial hub, smaller-scale processing of agricultural products contributes to localised emissions. The terrain funnels winds from the Mediterranean, which can either disperse pollutants or, under certain atmospheric conditions, trap them, leading to air stagnation. Dust from the surrounding semi-arid regions, particularly during drier periods, also impacts air quality. The city’s position within a valley contributes to potential temperature inversions, exacerbating pollution events. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for managing and mitigating air pollution in Berkane.

Berkane’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement after the winter, with increased rainfall washing away accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural activity intensifies, bringing localised emissions from fertilizer use and field preparation. Summer (June-August) is generally the period of best air quality, driven by consistent sea breezes and higher temperatures promoting dispersion. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition, with decreasing temperatures and the onset of more stable atmospheric conditions. This often leads to increased particulate matter from agricultural burning and dust storms. Winter (December-February) is typically the worst period for air quality. Reduced rainfall means pollutants accumulate, and temperature inversions are frequent, trapping cold air and pollutants near the ground. The city’s valley location exacerbates this effect. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings. November and December are particularly challenging months. Monitoring wind patterns is key; winds from the south can bring Saharan dust, while northerly winds offer some relief. Fog, common in winter, can also trap pollutants.