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Fez, Morocco's spiritual capital, occupies a strategic position in north-central Morocco within the fertile Saïss Plain, nestled between the Middle Atlas Mountains to the south and the Rif Mountains to the north. Situated at approximately 34.0181°N, -5.0078°W with an elevation of around 410 meters, the city's geography profoundly influences its air quality. The surrounding mountain ranges create a natural basin that traps pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Fez's urban character is defined by its historic medina—a UNESCO World Heritage site with narrow, congested alleys—and expanding modern districts, creating a distinct urban-rural gradient where pollution concentrates in the densely populated core. The city lies inland, with no major bodies of water nearby to help disperse contaminants, though the Oued Fès river runs through it. Proximity to agricultural zones in the Saïss Plain introduces occasional biomass burning and dust, while industrial emissions stem from local tanneries and manufacturing in peripheral areas. This combination of topographic confinement, urban density, and mixed pollution sources makes Fez particularly vulnerable to poor air quality, exacerbated by its semi-arid climate.

Fez's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its semi-arid climate and meteorological conditions. In winter (November to January), pollution peaks due to temperature inversions that trap vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and dust near the surface, compounded by increased heating needs and stagnant winds. Sensitive groups, such as those with respiratory issues, should limit outdoor activities during these months, especially in the congested medina. Spring (February to April) brings gradual improvement as temperatures rise and occasional rainfall helps cleanse the air, though dust storms from the Sahara can temporarily worsen conditions. Summer (May to August) sees reduced pollution levels due to stronger thermal convection and prevailing northerly winds that disperse pollutants, but extreme heat can increase ozone formation and exacerbate health risks for vulnerable populations. Autumn (September to October) marks a transition, with pollution beginning to accumulate as atmospheric stability returns. For optimal outdoor activities, late spring and early summer offer the best air quality, while winter requires precautions like wearing masks and avoiding high-traffic areas during peak hours.