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Sabbah, a small city within the Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region of Morocco, is geographically positioned at 33.8036°N, -7.0372°W. Its location is characterised by a coastal plain, gently sloping towards the Atlantic Ocean. The terrain is relatively flat, typical of the western Moroccan coastal strip, though subtle undulations exist as it transitions inland. This proximity to the ocean exerts a significant influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The city is situated within a region experiencing a Mediterranean climate, with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Surrounding Sabbah are agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to cereal crops and olive groves, alongside developing urban areas forming a complex urban-rural gradient. While Sabbah itself isn’t heavily industrialised, its position within the larger Rabat-Sale-Kenitra metropolitan area means it’s susceptible to pollutants transported from industrial zones concentrated further along the coast, particularly around Sale and Kenitra. The prevailing winds, generally from the northwest, carry maritime air but can also channel pollutants from these sources. The limited elevation and coastal location can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near ground level, especially during calmer weather conditions. The interplay between agricultural practices, urban expansion, and coastal influences defines Sabbah’s unique environmental profile.

Air quality in Sabbah follows a distinct seasonal pattern. During the summer months (June-August), high temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions often lead to increased concentrations of ozone, formed through photochemical reactions involving vehicle emissions and industrial pollutants. Dry conditions also mean dust, both locally generated and transported from the Sahara Desert, contributes to particulate matter pollution. Autumn (September-November) typically sees an improvement in air quality as temperatures cool and rainfall increases, washing away pollutants. However, the onset of agricultural burning in surrounding areas can temporarily elevate particulate matter levels. Winter (December-February) brings increased rainfall, generally improving air quality, but temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants close to the ground, particularly in the early morning. This can be exacerbated by increased use of solid fuel for heating. Spring (March-May) is a transitional period, with fluctuating weather patterns. March can still experience Saharan dust events, while April and May see a gradual improvement as vegetation growth increases and rainfall continues. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should be particularly cautious during summer and winter months, limiting strenuous outdoor activity on days with poor visibility or reported pollution episodes.