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Awlouz, nestled within the Souss-Massa region of Morocco, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 30.7000° N, -8.1500° W. The city’s setting is defined by the dramatic landscape of the pre-Saharan foothills, transitioning from the fertile Souss plain towards the arid expanse of the Sahara Desert. Elevation plays a crucial role; Awlouz sits at a modest altitude, generally below 300 meters, which influences atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. The surrounding terrain is characterized by rocky plateaus, sparse vegetation typical of semi-arid climates, and occasional oases fed by underground water sources. The proximity to the Atlantic coast, roughly 60 kilometers to the west, introduces a maritime influence, though this is often tempered by the prevailing continental air masses. Agriculture is a dominant land use in the surrounding area, with date palm cultivation being particularly prominent, alongside argan tree groves and some cereal farming. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through dust generation and the use of fertilizers and pesticides. The urban–rural gradient around Awlouz is relatively sharp; the city itself is small, with a population of just over 15,000, quickly giving way to rural agricultural landscapes. The lack of significant industrial belts directly adjacent to Awlouz mitigates some pollution risks, but dust storms originating from the Sahara, a frequent occurrence, represent a major factor impacting air quality, particularly during specific seasons. The prevailing winds, often from the northwest, can carry these dust plumes over considerable distances.

Awlouz experiences a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality, largely dictated by its semi-arid climate and proximity to the Sahara. The dry season, spanning roughly from May to October, is characterized by increased dust intrusion. Strong, hot winds, known locally, frequently lift fine particulate matter from the desert, significantly reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during calmer periods within this season, can trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the problem. The months of July and August are typically the most challenging, with frequent dust storms and elevated particulate levels. Conversely, the wetter months, from November to April, generally see improved air quality due to increased rainfall, which helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere and suppress dust emissions. However, periods of fog, particularly in December and January, can also lead to localized air stagnation and a build-up of pollutants. Spring (March-April) and Autumn (October-November) offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities, with moderate temperatures and relatively low dust levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor exposure during peak dust events and wearing appropriate masks. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can occasionally contribute to localized smoke pollution during the transition periods between seasons. The diurnal temperature cycle also plays a role, with cooler nighttime temperatures often leading to a slight inversion layer and pollutant trapping.