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Inhassoro, a coastal town in Inhambane Province, Mozambique, occupies a geographically significant position along the Indian Ocean. Located at -21.5347 latitude and 35.2022 longitude, the town is characterized by a relatively flat coastal plain, typical of the Mozambican coastline. The elevation is minimal, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is dominated by sandy beaches, mangrove forests, and inland, transitioning to miombo woodland. Inhassoro’s proximity to the ocean exerts a strong influence on its climate and, consequently, its air quality. Prevailing winds are generally easterly, bringing in maritime air, but these can shift seasonally. The town’s urban character is largely defined by its fishing industry and growing tourism sector. While not heavily industrialized, small-scale processing of marine resources and local transport contribute to localized emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; immediately surrounding the town are areas of subsistence agriculture and traditional settlements. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities, combined with wood smoke from cooking, are significant contributors to particulate matter. The lack of substantial industrial belts mitigates some pollution sources, but the coastal location means pollutants can become trapped under stable atmospheric conditions, impacting air quality.

Inhassoro experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The wet season, typically from November to April, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity. While rainfall helps to wash away particulate matter, the increased moisture can also promote mold growth and contribute to respiratory issues. The prevailing easterly winds during this period can transport pollutants from coastal areas. The dry season, from May to October, is characterized by lower humidity and stronger southwesterly winds. This is when air quality tends to be poorer. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural land becomes more prevalent, and wood smoke from cooking fires lingers longer in the stable, dry air. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the surface, are more common during the dry season, exacerbating pollution. October and November often see the worst conditions as agricultural burning increases. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in October and November. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors during periods of high dust or smoke is advisable. The transition months (April/May and October/November) can be unpredictable, requiring increased vigilance.