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Yenangyaung, nestled within Myanmar’s Magway Region, occupies a geographically significant position in the central dry zone. Located at approximately 20.4597°N latitude and 94.8742°E longitude, the city sits amidst a relatively flat, arid landscape punctuated by rolling hills and the remnants of ancient volcanic activity. The terrain is predominantly composed of lateritic soils, characteristic of the region’s dry climate and geological history. Yenangyaung is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, though the Irrawaddy River flows within a reasonable distance, influencing regional humidity patterns. The city’s air quality is heavily influenced by its surrounding agricultural lands, primarily sesame and pulses, and its historical role as a centre for traditional pottery production, involving wood-fired kilns. A noticeable urban-rural gradient exists, with air quality generally deteriorating closer to the city centre due to increased traffic and concentrated human activity. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural practices contributes significantly to particulate matter levels. The dry zone climate, coupled with limited rainfall, exacerbates the suspension of these particles, impacting overall air quality. The city’s position within a basin can also contribute to localised air stagnation, trapping pollutants. The surrounding landscape offers limited natural ventilation, further compounding these issues.

Yenangyaung experiences a pronounced wet and dry season, dictating the annual air quality narrative. The dry season, spanning roughly November to April, is characterised by consistently poor air quality. Low humidity and strong winds frequently stir up dust from agricultural lands and unpaved roads, leading to elevated particulate matter concentrations. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights within the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level, worsening conditions. February and March are typically the most challenging months for respiratory health. The onset of the monsoon season in May brings a temporary reprieve. Heavy rainfall effectively washes away accumulated dust and suppresses particulate matter. Air quality generally improves significantly during the peak monsoon months of July and August, though increased humidity can foster mould growth, posing a separate health concern. As the monsoon wanes in September and October, air quality begins to degrade again as dust starts to resuspend. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during the dry season and consider using air filtration indoors. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak dust periods is advisable.