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Dadeldhurā, nestled in the Sudūrpashchim Province of Nepal, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Himalayan foothills. Located at approximately 29.3000° N, 80.6000° E and an elevation of around 1,338 meters (4,390 feet), the city’s terrain is characterized by steep slopes and undulating hills, typical of the mid-hill region. The surrounding landscape is dominated by dense subtropical forests, transitioning to temperate vegetation at higher altitudes. While Dadeldhurā itself lacks direct proximity to major rivers, it sits within a watershed area, influencing local hydrology and contributing to the region’s water resources. The city’s urban character is relatively small-scale, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards. Agriculture plays a vital role in the local economy, with terraced fields carving into the hillsides supporting the cultivation of crops like maize, rice, and potatoes. Limited industrial activity exists, primarily focused on small-scale processing of agricultural products and local crafts. However, the proximity to larger towns and potential future development corridors along the Mahakali River could introduce new sources of pollution. The valley’s topography, combined with its location within a rain shadow area relative to the monsoon winds, can contribute to localized air stagnation, particularly during drier periods. The surrounding forests, while generally beneficial for air quality, can also release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under certain conditions, impacting local air composition. The steep terrain limits wind dispersion, potentially trapping pollutants within the valley.

Dadeldhurā’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by the monsoon and associated meteorological patterns. The monsoon season, typically spanning from June to September, brings abundant rainfall, effectively cleansing the atmosphere and significantly reducing particulate matter. This period generally offers the best air quality for outdoor activities. Conversely, the pre-monsoon months (March-May) often see a build-up of pollutants due to increased agricultural burning, dust from road construction, and stagnant air conditions. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. The post-monsoon season (October-November) presents a mixed picture. While rainfall decreases, the cooler temperatures and calmer winds can lead to fog formation, which, while visually striking, can also trap pollutants and reduce visibility. December and January are typically the coldest months, with frequent fog and occasional temperature inversions, again contributing to localized air quality degradation. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding strenuous activity when fog is present. Agricultural practices, particularly the burning of crop residue, are a key factor influencing air quality during the transition periods. Maintaining awareness of local weather conditions and minimizing exposure during periods of stagnant air are crucial for protecting respiratory health.