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Terneuzen, nestled in the southwestern province of Zeeland, Netherlands, occupies a strategically vital position at the mouth of the Scheldt River, bordering Belgium. Its coordinates (51.3333, 3.8333) place it within a low-lying delta landscape, characterized by reclaimed polders and a complex network of waterways. The city’s urban fabric is a blend of historic canal-side architecture and modern industrial zones, reflecting its long history as a significant port and trading hub. Terneuzen sits at a very low elevation, generally below 5 meters above sea level, making it particularly susceptible to flooding and influencing local weather patterns. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of arable land and pasture, interspersed with dykes and canals. To the east lies the broader Zeeland region, a coastal area defined by its dunes and beaches. Westward, the landscape transitions into the industrial belt of Belgium, a significant source of potential pollutants. The urban–rural gradient around Terneuzen is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural areas blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. The Scheldt River itself plays a crucial role, acting as both a transportation artery and a potential pathway for pollutants. The prevailing westerly winds, common in the Netherlands, can carry pollutants from industrial areas in Belgium and across the North Sea, impacting Terneuzen’s air quality. The proximity to the North Sea also introduces maritime influences, including salt spray and occasional sea fogs, which can affect pollutant dispersion.

Terneuzen’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal rhythm, largely dictated by meteorological conditions. Winter months (November to February) often see periods of stagnant air, particularly during prolonged cold spells. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are more frequent, hindering the vertical dispersion of pollutants released from industrial activities and road traffic. This can lead to elevated concentrations of particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as winds increase and temperatures rise, facilitating pollutant dispersal. However, agricultural activities, such as fertilizer application, can contribute to ammonia emissions. Summer (June to August) generally offers the best air quality, with consistent winds and sunshine aiding in pollutant removal. Occasional heatwaves can, however, exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September to October) presents a transitional period, with decreasing sunlight and increasing rainfall. Fog, common in autumn, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized air quality issues. The agricultural sector’s harvest season also contributes to dust and particulate matter. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during winter and autumn, limiting outdoor exertion on days with poor visibility or reported stagnant air. Springtime requires awareness of potential ammonia spikes near agricultural areas. Overall, the months of June, July, and August typically offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities in Terneuzen.