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Galmi, a town in the Tahoua Region of Niger, sits at coordinates 13.9673° N, 5.6747° E, firmly embedded within the Sahelian zone. The landscape is predominantly flat to gently undulating savanna, characteristic of this transitional region between the Sahara Desert to the north and the more vegetated Sudanian zone to the south. Galmi’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The town’s population of approximately 13,888 reflects a rural-urban gradient, with significant agricultural activity surrounding the settlement. This agricultural land use, primarily subsistence farming and livestock rearing, is a key factor influencing local air quality. Dust from agricultural practices, particularly during the dry season, is a major contributor to particulate matter. There are no significant industrial belts within Galmi itself, but regional transport routes and occasional bushfires contribute to background pollution levels. The lack of substantial water bodies nearby means limited evaporative cooling and a tendency towards higher temperatures, exacerbating dust suspension. The town’s location within a broad valley further restricts air circulation, trapping pollutants during periods of calm weather. The surrounding terrain offers little natural filtration of airborne particles.

Galmi experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, roughly November to May, is characterized by consistently high temperatures and persistent Harmattan winds blowing from the Sahara. These winds carry substantial amounts of dust and sand, dramatically increasing particulate matter concentrations. February to April are typically the worst months for respiratory health, with visibility often reduced. The wet season, from June to October, brings relief from dust, as rainfall suppresses airborne particles. However, increased humidity can promote mold growth indoors, impacting indoor air quality. While overall particulate matter decreases during the wet season, localized pollution from biomass burning for cooking and agricultural residue burning can become significant. September and October, towards the end of the rainy season, often see a resurgence of dust as the ground dries. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season. During the wet season, ensuring good ventilation indoors is crucial to mitigate mold exposure. Avoiding cooking with solid fuels indoors is recommended year-round.