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Matamey, situated in the Zinder region of Niger (coordinates 13.4231° N, 8.4748° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Sahelian belt. The city’s terrain is predominantly characterized by undulating plains and gently sloping hills, typical of the semi-arid landscape. Its elevation, around 380 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, which can, at times, exacerbate pollution accumulation. Matamey lies within a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert to the north and the more fertile Niger River valley to the south, influencing its climate and surrounding land use. The immediate landscape is a mosaic of sparse vegetation, including acacia trees and grasses, interspersed with agricultural fields practicing subsistence farming, primarily millet and sorghum cultivation. This agricultural activity, particularly during harvest seasons, contributes to particulate matter in the air. Further afield, the landscape gradually transitions into the expansive, sandy plains of the Sahara. The city’s urban footprint is relatively compact, reflecting its smaller population of approximately 64,988. There are no major rivers or lakes in close proximity, limiting natural air purification processes. The urban–rural gradient is sharp; the city is surrounded by rural communities heavily reliant on traditional agricultural practices and wood-fueled cooking, both of which impact regional air quality. The lack of significant industrial zones within Matamey itself means that pollution sources are primarily diffuse, stemming from residential activities and agricultural practices rather than concentrated industrial emissions. The regional position, far from major urban centers, means it is less affected by transboundary pollution, but still vulnerable to dust storms originating from the Sahara.

Matamey’s air quality is dictated by its distinct dry and wet seasons, a characteristic of the Sahelian climate. The long dry season, spanning roughly from October to May, is the period of greatest concern. During these months, minimal rainfall and consistently high temperatures create stable atmospheric conditions. Temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Wind speeds are generally low, further reducing the dispersion of particulate matter. Dust storms, originating from the Sahara, frequently impact Matamey, significantly increasing levels of PM10 and PM2.5. The months of February and March are particularly challenging, often experiencing intense dust events. The wet season, from June to September, brings a welcome respite. Rainfall helps to wash pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased wind speeds facilitate their dispersal. However, the onset of the wet season can also be accompanied by increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals. Agricultural burning, a common practice at the start of the wet season to clear fields, can temporarily elevate pollution levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activity during peak dust storm periods. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, those with allergies or asthma should be mindful of increased pollen and mold counts. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is crucial throughout the year, particularly during the dry season’s dust events.