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Baure, situated in Katsina State, Nigeria, occupies a pivotal position within the country’s northwest. Located at approximately 12.7833°N latitude and 8.7667°E longitude, the city rests on relatively flat terrain characteristic of the Sahelian region. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savannah grassland, transitioning to more arid conditions further north. Baure’s elevation is modest, generally below 500 meters, influencing atmospheric circulation patterns. The city isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though seasonal streams and smaller rivers punctuate the landscape, often drying up during the prolonged dry season. Katsina State, and Baure specifically, is heavily reliant on agriculture, with significant millet, sorghum, and cowpea cultivation in the surrounding areas. This agricultural activity contributes to particulate matter through land preparation, harvesting, and post-harvest burning. While Baure isn’t a major industrial hub, increasing small-scale processing of agricultural products and the presence of local markets contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with a clear distinction between the denser built-up areas of Baure and the surrounding rural farmland. Dust from the Sahara Desert, carried by prevailing winds, frequently impacts air quality, particularly during the dry season, exacerbating existing pollution sources. This geographical context fundamentally shapes Baure’s air quality challenges.

Baure experiences a distinct tropical wet/dry climate, profoundly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, spanning roughly November to April, is characterised by consistently high temperatures and minimal rainfall. This period sees the worst air quality due to increased dust suspension from the Sahara, agricultural burning for land preparation, and reduced atmospheric mixing. Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara, are particularly problematic during December to February, bringing significant particulate matter. May marks the transition to the wet season, with improving air quality as rainfall begins to suppress dust and wash pollutants from the atmosphere. The wet season, from June to October, generally offers the best air quality, although localised flooding can disrupt drainage and contribute to microbial pollutants. However, increased humidity can also trap pollutants closer to the ground. August and September, the peak of the rainy season, are typically the most favourable months for outdoor activity. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit exposure during the dry season, particularly January and February. During the transition months, monitoring conditions is crucial. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler dry season nights, can trap pollutants near ground level, worsening air quality.