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Jebba, situated in Kwara State, Nigeria, occupies a significant geographic position along the Niger River at approximately 9.1286°N latitude and 4.8183°E longitude. The town’s landscape is characterised by relatively flat terrain typical of the Niger River floodplain, with an elevation generally below 300 meters. This proximity to the Niger River profoundly influences local climate and, consequently, air quality. The river acts as a moisture source, increasing humidity and potentially trapping pollutants during temperature inversions. Jebba’s surrounding areas are predominantly agricultural, with significant cultivation of crops like yam, cassava, and maize. While not a major industrial hub itself, Jebba serves as a transport node, linking regions with more substantial industrial activity further north and south. The urban-rural gradient is quite pronounced; the town centre exhibits denser construction and traffic, while the periphery quickly transitions into farmland. Dust from agricultural practices, particularly during the dry season, contributes to particulate matter in the air. The river’s flow also impacts sediment deposition, which can contain trace metals and affect air quality through wind dispersal. The town’s location within the broader savanna belt of West Africa means it experiences distinct wet and dry seasons, impacting pollutant dispersion.

Jebba’s air quality follows a strong seasonal pattern dictated by the wet and dry seasons. The dry season, typically from November to March, witnesses the poorest air quality. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and increased dust from agricultural activities and unpaved roads becomes prevalent. Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara Desert, exacerbate particulate matter concentrations, leading to hazy conditions. Temperature inversions are common during the cooler mornings of the dry season, trapping pollutants near ground level. Conversely, the wet season, spanning April to October, generally offers improved air quality. Frequent rainfall washes away pollutants, and higher humidity can suppress dust. However, localised flooding can mobilise contaminants from soil and stagnant water, potentially impacting air quality in specific areas. August and September, during the peak of the rainy season, are typically the most favourable months for outdoor activity. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during the Harmattan season (December-February) and consider limiting outdoor exposure. Monitoring local conditions is crucial, as sporadic bush fires during the dry season can cause sudden spikes in pollution.