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Keffi, nestled in Nasarawa State, Nigeria, occupies a strategically important position within the Middle Belt region, approximately 75 kilometers north of Abuja, the nation’s capital. Its coordinates (8.8464° N, 7.8733° E) place it on a gently undulating plateau, part of the larger Jos Plateau physiographic zone. The terrain is characterized by rolling hills and valleys, with elevations ranging from roughly 350 to 500 meters above sea level. This elevation contributes to localized temperature inversions, particularly during the dry season, which can trap pollutants near the ground. Keffi’s urban character is evolving rapidly, transitioning from a primarily agrarian settlement to a burgeoning commercial and residential hub, fueled by its proximity to Abuja and the increasing migration of people seeking economic opportunities. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – predominantly maize, millet, and yam cultivation – interspersed with scattered woodlands and grasslands. To the east, the Shere Hills rise dramatically, influencing local wind patterns. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with dense residential areas giving way quickly to agricultural land and then to more natural vegetation. While Keffi itself lacks major heavy industries, its position along transportation routes connecting Abuja to other parts of northern Nigeria means it experiences vehicular traffic, a significant contributor to local air pollution. The nearby Lafia industrial area, though not immediately adjacent, can influence regional air quality patterns, particularly during periods of high industrial activity. The lack of significant surface water bodies within the immediate vicinity limits natural air purification processes.

Keffi’s tropical savanna climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, is characterized by lower rainfall, higher temperatures, and significantly reduced humidity. This period often witnesses a noticeable increase in particulate matter pollution. The lack of rainfall means there’s minimal atmospheric cleansing, and dust from agricultural activities and construction sites becomes readily suspended. Temperature inversions are common during these months, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially in the mornings and evenings. The harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara Desert, frequently bring in large quantities of dust and sand, further degrading air quality. Conversely, the wet season (April to October) brings relief. Frequent rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to a marked improvement in air quality. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from stagnant water sources. During the transition months (March and October), fluctuating weather patterns can result in unpredictable air quality. The months of January and February are generally considered the most challenging for outdoor activities, particularly for individuals with respiratory conditions. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, the increased humidity can exacerbate allergies and respiratory issues for some. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory illnesses, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding strenuous activities during peak pollution periods.