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Owo, a significant urban centre in Ondo State, Nigeria, is situated at approximately 7.1961°N latitude and 5.5864°E longitude. The city occupies a gently undulating terrain within the broader Yoruba landscape, characterised by low hills and fertile plains. Its elevation, averaging around 160 meters above sea level, contributes to relatively stable atmospheric conditions. Owo’s location is inland, approximately 80km from the Atlantic coast, meaning direct marine influences on air quality are limited, though humidity remains consistently high. The surrounding region is predominantly agricultural, with extensive cultivation of cocoa, yam, cassava, and plantain. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces particulate matter from land preparation, harvesting, and the burning of vegetation stubs. A gradual urban-rural gradient exists, with denser residential and commercial areas concentrated around the city centre, transitioning to farmland and forested areas further out. Limited industrial activity exists within Owo itself, but regional transport routes passing through the city contribute to vehicular emissions. The prevailing winds are generally southwesterly during the wet season and northeasterly during the dry season, influencing the dispersion of pollutants. The city’s growth, coupled with increasing vehicle ownership, is placing growing pressure on local air quality.

Owo experiences a distinct tropical climate with alternating wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting air quality. The wet season, spanning roughly April to October, brings frequent rainfall which acts as a natural scrubber, temporarily improving air quality by washing away particulate matter. However, high humidity during this period can also promote the formation of mould spores, impacting respiratory health. November to March constitutes the dry season, marked by the Harmattan wind – a dry, dusty trade wind originating from the Sahara Desert. This wind significantly elevates particulate matter concentrations, particularly PM10, leading to reduced visibility and increased respiratory issues. January and February are typically the months with the poorest air quality due to the peak influence of the Harmattan. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler Harmattan nights, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the problem. The transition periods – April and October – often see fluctuating conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during the Harmattan and consider using masks. Monitoring local weather patterns and avoiding strenuous activity on dusty days is crucial for protecting health.