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Sveti Nikole, nestled in central North Macedonia, occupies a unique geographic position within the Skopje Valley. The city is situated at an elevation of approximately 320 meters (1050 feet), contributing to a basin-like topography that can exacerbate air pollution. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills and agricultural land, primarily vineyards and orchards, which dominate the regional economy. The Babuna River flows nearby, but its influence on local air circulation is limited due to the valley’s configuration. Sveti Nikole’s urban character is that of a smaller, developing city, transitioning from a predominantly agricultural base to include light industry, particularly related to processing agricultural products. This industrial activity, though not on the scale of larger Macedonian cities, contributes to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural fields immediately bordering the city limits. This proximity means pollutants from agricultural practices, such as pesticide application and fertilizer use, can also impact air quality. The valley’s position, shielded by mountains to the north and south, restricts air flow and can trap pollutants, especially during periods of calm weather. This geographical constraint is a key factor in understanding Sveti Nikole’s air quality challenges.

Sveti Nikole experiences a continental climate, with distinct seasons that significantly influence air quality. Winter (December-February) often sees the poorest air quality, due to increased use of solid fuels for heating, combined with temperature inversions trapping pollutants in the valley. Calm, cold conditions prevent dispersion, leading to higher concentrations of particulate matter. Spring (March-May) brings improvement as temperatures rise and rainfall increases, washing pollutants from the air. However, agricultural burning of stubble after the harvest can cause temporary spikes in pollution. Summer (June-August) generally offers the cleanest air, with prevailing winds aiding dispersion and reduced heating demands. However, prolonged heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is a transitional period. The start of the heating season coincides with decreasing wind speeds, leading to a gradual deterioration in air quality. October and November are often marked by foggy conditions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak heating hours can also mitigate exposure. The dry season, encompassing late spring and summer, can see increased dust from agricultural activities.