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As Suwayq, nestled within the Shamāl al Bāţinah Governorate of Oman, occupies a strategically important position along the Batinah coastal plain. Its coordinates (23.8494, 57.4386) place it approximately 160 kilometers northwest of Muscat, serving as a vital commercial hub for the surrounding agricultural region. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Batinah plain, gradually rising towards the foothills of the Al Hajar Mountains to the west. This gentle slope influences local wind patterns, often channeling breezes from the Gulf of Oman to the east, a factor impacting air quality. As Suwayq is situated relatively close to the coast, maritime influences are noticeable, with humidity levels generally higher than inland areas. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of date palm plantations, citrus groves, and other agricultural lands, contributing to both the local economy and potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons. The urban–rural gradient transitions quickly outside the city limits, with agricultural activity dominating the immediate periphery. While As Suwayq itself is a growing urban center, it lacks extensive heavy industry; however, smaller workshops and vehicle maintenance facilities are present. The proximity to the Wadi Bani Jaber, a significant seasonal watercourse, can occasionally lead to localized humidity and fog, which can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The overall geographic setting presents a complex interplay of coastal breezes, agricultural practices, and a gradually rising terrain, all of which shape the city’s air quality profile.

As Suwayq experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from October to April, is characterized by consistently high temperatures and reduced rainfall. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced atmospheric cleansing. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of this season, trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating air quality concerns. Dust storms, originating from the Arabian Peninsula’s deserts, are frequent occurrences, particularly during March and April, dramatically increasing particulate matter concentrations. The wet season, from May to September, brings monsoon winds and occasional rainfall, which helps to disperse pollutants and improve air quality. However, periods of heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and localized flooding, potentially releasing pollutants from agricultural runoff. Fog, more prevalent during the transitional months of May and October, can also trap pollutants, creating temporary pockets of poor air quality. During the hotter months (June-August), strong winds associated with the monsoon generally provide good ventilation, reducing pollution levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during dust storm events. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the monsoon months, although vigilance regarding potential agricultural runoff is advised. The combination of temperature, wind patterns, and rainfall dictates the seasonal fluctuations in As Suwayq’s air quality, demanding adaptive strategies for public health.