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Hajira, nestled within the Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan (33.7717° N, 73.8961° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Himalayan foothills. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the region’s mountainous landscape, with an elevation contributing to localized microclimates. Surrounded by dense coniferous forests and terraced agricultural lands, Hajira exhibits a distinct urban–rural gradient. The surrounding landscape primarily consists of small-scale farming plots cultivating crops like maize and potatoes, interspersed with pockets of grazing land. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the presence of smaller streams and seasonal tributaries influences local humidity and temperature patterns. Hajira’s location within Azad Kashmir places it relatively close to industrial zones concentrated in larger cities like Mirpur and Bhimber, though direct industrial emissions are currently limited within the city itself. The prevailing winds, often channeled through the valleys, can carry pollutants from these distant sources. The region's climate is strongly influenced by the monsoon season, bringing significant rainfall and altering atmospheric stability. The topography creates areas prone to temperature inversions, particularly during the colder months, trapping pollutants near the ground. This combination of mountainous terrain, agricultural activity, and proximity to industrial areas creates a complex interplay of factors impacting Hajira’s air quality, making it susceptible to both local and regional pollution sources. The valley setting also limits dispersion of pollutants, exacerbating the issue.

Hajira’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its climate and regional weather patterns. The winter months (November to February) are typically characterized by colder temperatures and frequent fog, a consequence of the region’s high humidity and valley topography. These conditions often lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air and pollutants near the ground, resulting in periods of stagnant air and potentially elevated particulate matter. Outdoor activities should be limited for vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly, during these periods. The spring (March to May) brings a gradual warming trend and increased wind speeds, aiding in pollutant dispersion and generally improving air quality. However, agricultural burning, a common practice in the surrounding rural areas, can contribute to localized spikes in smoke and particulate pollution. The monsoon season (June to September) introduces heavy rainfall, which effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to a significant improvement in air quality. However, intense rainfall events can also lead to flooding and the release of contaminants from soil and water sources. Finally, the autumn months (October) see a return to cooler temperatures and calmer winds, with a gradual increase in the risk of temperature inversions and associated air quality concerns. Maintaining awareness of weather forecasts and limiting strenuous outdoor activity during periods of fog or stagnant air is advisable throughout the year, particularly for those with respiratory conditions.