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Kohat, nestled within the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, occupies a strategically significant position in the country’s northwest. Located at approximately 33.5833°N, 71.4333°E, the city is cradled within a semi-arid landscape, characterized by undulating plains and the foothills of the Kirthar Mountains to the west. Its elevation, around 485 meters (1,591 feet), influences local weather patterns and contributes to pollutant dispersion, though often limited by topographical features. Kohat’s urban character is a blend of traditional bazaars and increasingly modern infrastructure, reflecting its growth as a regional commercial hub. The surrounding terrain is predominantly agricultural, with wheat, maize, and fruit orchards dominating the rural areas. To the south lies the Potohar Plateau, while the Bannu Basin extends to the west. The city isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, but relies on groundwater resources and seasonal streams. While not a heavily industrialized city, Kohat’s proximity to oil and gas fields, and associated processing facilities, introduces localized sources of pollution. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land quickly transitioning to residential and commercial zones. This geographical setting, combined with regional wind patterns, significantly impacts the concentration and dispersal of airborne pollutants, creating localized air quality challenges.

Kohat experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. Winter, from November to February, often sees the poorest air quality. Temperature inversions, common during these colder months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbated by increased reliance on solid fuel for heating. Fog further reduces dispersion. March and April bring a temporary improvement as temperatures rise and winds pick up, clearing some of the accumulated pollutants. However, pre-monsoon conditions in May and June can lead to dust storms originating from the arid regions to the west, significantly increasing particulate matter. The monsoon season, from July to September, generally offers the cleanest air, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localised flooding and the spread of waterborne contaminants. October is a transitional month, with air quality gradually declining as temperatures fall and wind speeds decrease. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter and periods of dust storms. Avoiding peak traffic hours is advisable year-round. Monitoring local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor exposure.