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Dulmial, nestled in the Punjab province of Pakistan (32.7333° N, 72.9167° E), occupies a geographically significant position within a fertile agricultural belt. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the broader Punjab Plain, with gentle undulations defining the surrounding landscape. Elevation is relatively low, contributing to atmospheric stability and potential for pollutant accumulation. Dulmial sits approximately 15 kilometers southwest of Gujranwala, a major industrial hub, placing it within the sphere of influence of regional industrial emissions. The proximity to the Chenab River, though not directly adjacent, influences local humidity and temperature patterns, impacting atmospheric mixing. The urban-rural gradient around Dulmial is gradual; the city is surrounded by intensively farmed fields, primarily cultivating wheat, rice, and cotton – agricultural practices that contribute to particulate matter through tilling, harvesting, and the burning of crop residue, a common practice in the region. This agricultural activity, combined with the industrial output from Gujranwala and nearby areas, creates a complex interplay of pollution sources. The flat topography limits natural dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The surrounding landscape, largely composed of agricultural land and scattered villages, offers limited natural barriers to the spread of airborne contaminants, making Dulmial susceptible to regional air quality events. The lack of significant elevation changes further exacerbates this issue, hindering vertical mixing and trapping pollutants closer to ground level.

Dulmial’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional weather patterns and agricultural practices. The winter months (November to February) are typically the most challenging. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical dispersion of pollutants. Dense fog, a common occurrence during this period, further restricts visibility and exacerbates the problem by trapping particulate matter. Agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest season (October-November) significantly contributes to elevated levels of smoke and particulate pollution. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, dust storms originating from the Cholistan Desert to the south can occasionally impact air quality. The monsoon season (June-September) generally offers a respite, with rainfall washing away pollutants and increased wind speeds promoting better mixing. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localized flooding and the release of pollutants from stagnant water. Autumn (October) sees a return to poorer air quality as temperatures cool and agricultural burning resumes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activity on days with dense fog or visible smoke. During the monsoon, while generally cleaner, be mindful of potential waterborne illnesses. Throughout the year, maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can offer some protection.