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Jhang City occupies a strategic position in central Punjab, Pakistan, situated on the left bank of the Chenab River at coordinates 31.2694°N, 72.3161°E. This urban centre lies within the vast, fertile plains of the Punjab region, characterized by flat to gently undulating terrain with an average elevation of approximately 158 meters above sea level. The city's geography is fundamentally shaped by its riverine location along the Chenab, which historically facilitated agricultural development and now influences local microclimates through moisture availability. Jhang serves as a district headquarters, functioning as a crucial administrative and commercial hub connecting the agricultural hinterlands with larger urban centres like Faisalabad and Multan. The surrounding landscape transitions from intensive agricultural zones—dominated by wheat, rice, and sugarcane cultivation—to peri-urban and rural settlements, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. This agricultural matrix, combined with urban emissions from vehicles, small-scale industries, and residential biomass burning, creates a complex pollution profile. The flat terrain inhibits natural ventilation, allowing pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Proximity to the Chenab River provides some moderating effects but also contributes to humidity that can exacerbate particulate matter formation. Jhang's position within Pakistan's agricultural heartland means seasonal burning of crop residues significantly impacts air quality, while its urban character introduces continuous emission sources that interact with regional pollution transported from industrial belts in central Punjab.

Jhang's air quality follows a distinct seasonal rhythm shaped by Punjab's continental climate and agricultural calendar. During winter (December-February), cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants near the surface, creating persistent haze and fog episodes that severely degrade air quality—this period represents the annual pollution peak. Sensitive groups should minimize outdoor activities, especially morning walks when inversion layers are strongest. Spring (March-May) brings gradually improving conditions as temperatures rise and winds increase, though occasional dust storms from the Thar Desert can cause sudden particulate spikes. Summer (June-August) offers the cleanest air despite high temperatures, as the southwest monsoon brings rainfall that scrubs pollutants from the atmosphere and strong winds provide ventilation—this is the optimal season for outdoor activities. Autumn (September-November) sees deteriorating air quality as monsoon retreats and agricultural burning begins post-harvest, particularly rice stubble burning in October-November that creates dense smoke plumes affecting the region. Throughout the year, sensitive populations including children, elderly, and those with respiratory conditions should monitor local air quality advisories, use protective masks during pollution episodes, and plan outdoor activities for late morning or early evening when pollution dispersion is typically better. Winter mornings and post-harvest periods require particular caution.