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Kot Addu, nestled in the province of Punjab, Pakistan, occupies a geographically significant position within the Indus Plain. Located at approximately 30.4664° N, 70.9656° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile alluvial plains formed by the Indus River and its tributaries. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural fields – primarily cotton, wheat, and sugarcane – interspersed with smaller settlements and scattered patches of scrub vegetation. This intensive agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, contributes significantly to air quality challenges. Kot Addu sits relatively close to the Ravi River, though its direct influence on the city’s microclimate is limited due to the distance and prevailing wind patterns. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly around Kot Addu; the city itself is a moderately sized urban centre, serving as a regional hub for trade and services, while the immediate periphery is dominated by rural agricultural communities. The city’s location within a broad, relatively sheltered plain can exacerbate pollution episodes, as topographical features do not readily disperse pollutants. Furthermore, Kot Addu’s proximity to industrial zones in the broader Punjab region, particularly those involved in textile manufacturing and sugar processing, introduces additional sources of air contaminants. The elevation, being low-lying, contributes to temperature inversions during cooler months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The flat terrain also limits natural ventilation, further impacting air quality dynamics.

Kot Addu’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional weather patterns and agricultural practices. The winter months (November to February) typically see the poorest air quality. Cold temperatures frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants. Dense fog, common during this period, further restricts dispersion. Agricultural burning, a widespread practice for clearing crop residue after the harvest of wheat and cotton, significantly elevates particulate matter concentrations. Spring (March to May) brings a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, dust storms, common in this region, can temporarily degrade air quality. The monsoon season (June to September) offers a period of relative respite. Rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased wind speeds promote ventilation. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localised flooding and associated issues. The post-monsoon period (October) sees a gradual decline in air quality as humidity decreases and temperatures begin to fall. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the winter months, limiting outdoor activity during periods of dense fog or visible haze. Agricultural workers are particularly vulnerable and should utilise appropriate respiratory protection when burning crop residue is occurring. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also provide some relief.