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Mianwali, nestled within the Punjab province of Pakistan at coordinates 32.5853°N, 71.5436°E, occupies a unique geographical position. The city sits within the Potohar Plateau, a region characterised by rolling hills and undulating plains. This terrain, while providing some natural drainage, also contributes to localised air stagnation. Mianwali’s elevation, approximately 610 meters (2,000 feet) above sea level, influences temperature inversions, a key factor in trapping pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with wheat, cotton, and sugarcane being major crops. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, introduces particulate matter from tilling, harvesting, and the burning of crop residue. The city isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, but the Indus River basin lies to the west, influencing regional climate patterns. While Mianwali isn’t a major industrial hub, smaller-scale brick kilns and industrial activity contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre experiences higher concentrations of vehicular and domestic emissions, while surrounding rural areas are impacted by agricultural practices. Dust storms, common in the region, exacerbate particulate matter levels, impacting air quality significantly. The city’s location within a rain shadow area contributes to drier conditions, increasing the potential for dust suspension.

Mianwali experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern. Winter (November to February) is typically the most polluted period. Low temperatures create strong temperature inversions, trapping emissions from domestic heating (wood and coal burning) and vehicular traffic near the ground. Fog further exacerbates the problem, reducing visibility and increasing pollutant concentrations. March and April bring some improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, dispersing pollutants. However, pre-monsoon conditions in May and June can see a spike in dust storms, elevating particulate matter. The monsoon season (July to September) generally offers the cleanest air, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to temperature inversions. October sees a transition period, with decreasing rainfall and increasing temperatures, leading to a gradual deterioration in air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter months and periods of high dust. Avoiding peak traffic hours and using air purifiers indoors are recommended. Monitoring weather forecasts for dust storm warnings is crucial. The relatively dry climate throughout much of the year means pollutants don’t readily dissipate.