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Pattoki, situated in the Punjab province of Pakistan at 31.0167°N, 73.8500°E, occupies a relatively flat alluvial plain characteristic of the broader Indo-Gangetic Plain. The city’s elevation is low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Pattoki’s geography is heavily influenced by its proximity to agricultural lands, particularly cotton and wheat fields, which dominate the surrounding landscape. This agricultural intensity introduces seasonal dust and potential pesticide drift into the air. The Ravi River flows nearby, though its influence on local air quality is more related to irrigation practices and potential waterborne pollutant evaporation than direct atmospheric cleansing. Pattoki is positioned within a region experiencing rapid urbanization and industrial growth, though the city itself is considered a smaller urban centre. This creates a complex urban-rural gradient, with pollution sources from both industrial areas further afield and localized domestic emissions. The lack of significant topographical features – hills or mountains – hinders natural ventilation, exacerbating pollution build-up, especially during stable atmospheric conditions. The city’s location within a densely populated region of Punjab means it’s susceptible to regional pollution transport, impacting baseline air quality even without local sources.

Pattoki’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The winter months (November to February) are typically the most polluted. Cool temperatures create strong temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Reduced wind speeds further limit dispersion, and increased reliance on biomass burning for heating exacerbates particulate matter concentrations. Fog, common during these months, also contributes to pollutant accumulation. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds pick up, but agricultural residue burning after the harvest adds a temporary spike in pollution. The monsoon season (June-September) offers the cleanest air, with heavy rainfall effectively washing pollutants from the atmosphere and strong winds dispersing remaining contaminants. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. October presents a transitional period, with declining rainfall and increasing temperatures, leading to a gradual deterioration in air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter and spring. Avoiding peak burning times in spring is also advisable. Monitoring local conditions is crucial, as weather patterns can vary significantly.