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Shergarh, a small city nestled within the Punjab province of Pakistan at coordinates 30.8281° N, 73.7383° E, occupies a relatively flat alluvial plain characteristic of the broader Indus River basin. With a population of approximately 14,152, Shergarh’s urban character is distinctly rural-adjacent, exhibiting a strong connection to the surrounding agricultural landscape. The terrain is predominantly flat, gently sloping towards the south, influencing drainage patterns and potentially concentrating pollutants during periods of stagnant air. The city isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though the Sutlej River lies within a reasonable distance, impacting regional humidity and wind patterns. While Shergarh itself isn’t a major industrial hub, its location within Punjab places it downwind of larger industrial zones in cities like Faisalabad and Lahore, contributing to background pollution levels. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; immediately surrounding the city are extensive agricultural fields, primarily wheat and cotton, with associated seasonal burning of crop residue. This agricultural practice is a significant localised source of particulate matter. The lack of significant topographical features means that air pollutants have limited natural dispersion, exacerbating air quality issues, particularly during winter inversions. The city’s position within the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a known hotspot for air pollution, further compounds these challenges.

Shergarh experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and human activity. The winter months (November to February) are typically the worst, characterized by temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. Calm winds and frequent fog exacerbate this, leading to high concentrations of particulate matter from residential heating (burning wood and dung) and agricultural stubble burning. March and April see a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, dispersing pollutants. However, pre-monsoon conditions in May and June can bring dust storms, temporarily elevating particulate matter levels. The monsoon season (July to September) generally offers the cleanest air, as rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere and strong winds provide excellent dispersion. However, increased humidity can also promote secondary pollutant formation. October sees a return to drier conditions and a build-up of pollutants as agricultural activity intensifies. For those with respiratory sensitivities, avoiding outdoor activity during winter mornings and evenings is crucial. The monsoon months offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor exercise. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to the effects of poor air quality and should limit exposure during peak pollution periods.