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Sarhari, nestled in the Sindh province of Pakistan (26.1000° N, 68.4833° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Indus River plain. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the fertile alluvial landscape formed by the Indus River and its tributaries. Situated approximately 25 kilometers northeast of Dadu, Sarhari benefits from the region’s rich agricultural heritage, with surrounding lands dedicated to cotton, sugarcane, and rice cultivation – a major factor influencing local air quality. The landscape is largely rural, transitioning gradually into more urbanized areas closer to Dadu and other regional hubs. Elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 30 meters above sea level, which contributes to stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The proximity to the Indus River, while providing a vital water source, can also exacerbate air pollution through the transport of pollutants and the potential for localized humidity which traps particulate matter. Sarhari’s location within a broad agricultural belt means that seasonal agricultural burning, a common practice for clearing fields, significantly impacts air quality. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gentle, with agricultural activities directly impacting the immediate vicinity of the city. The lack of significant topographical features limits natural air dispersion, making Sarhari susceptible to the accumulation of pollutants from both local sources and those transported from industrial areas further north and west. The flat terrain and prevailing wind patterns often lead to a build-up of dust and agricultural emissions.

Sarhari’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by the region’s climate. The hot, dry months (April-June) typically see elevated levels of particulate matter due to dust storms and agricultural burning. Temperatures soar, leading to atmospheric stability and reduced vertical mixing, trapping pollutants near the ground. The monsoon season (July-September) brings a period of relative relief as rainfall washes away some pollutants and increased wind speeds aid in dispersion. However, monsoon rains can also increase humidity, which, combined with stagnant air, can create conditions favorable for the formation of ground-level ozone. The post-monsoon period (October-November) often sees a resurgence of agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for the next planting season, leading to a spike in smoke and particulate pollution. Winter months (December-March) are characterized by cooler temperatures and frequent fog, particularly in the early morning. This fog traps pollutants, significantly reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these periods, especially during peak fog hours. During the dry season, wearing masks and avoiding strenuous outdoor activities is advisable. The monsoon offers a temporary respite, but vigilance is still needed due to potential ozone formation. The agricultural cycle dictates much of the pollution pattern, making awareness of burning practices crucial for public health. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purifiers is recommended during periods of high pollution.