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Estancia Pozo Colorado, nestled within the Presidente Hayes Department of Paraguay, occupies a geographically significant position within the Gran Chaco region. Located at approximately -23.4333° latitude and -58.9667° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the Chaco’s low-lying landscape. The surrounding environment is predominantly a vast expanse of dry forest and scrubland, transitioning into extensive agricultural areas, particularly soybean and cattle farming, which are increasingly prevalent in the region. The city’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to potential temperature inversions, a key factor influencing air quality. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the area experiences seasonal rainfall, influencing humidity levels and impacting pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Estancia Pozo Colorado is gradual, with agricultural activities extending close to the city limits. This proximity means agricultural practices, including the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and the burning of vegetation for land clearing, can directly influence local air quality. The regional position, far from major industrial centers, initially suggests lower industrial pollution, but the increasing scale of agricultural operations and associated activities present a growing concern. The prevailing winds, often originating from the west, can transport pollutants from agricultural zones into the city, impacting air quality and visibility. The Chaco’s generally flat topography limits natural air circulation, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of low wind speed.

Estancia Pozo Colorado’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s subtropical climate. The wet season, typically spanning from November to March, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter. However, intense storms can temporarily elevate particulate levels due to wind-blown dust and soil. The dry season, from April to October, presents a more complex picture. As humidity decreases, the risk of dust storms increases, particularly during windy periods. Temperature inversions are more frequent during the cooler months (June-August), trapping pollutants closer to the ground, especially in the evenings and early mornings. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land preparation and clearing, peaks during this period, significantly contributing to elevated levels of smoke and particulate matter. October and November often see a surge in agricultural activity, coinciding with the start of the planting season, further exacerbating air quality concerns. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these months, limiting outdoor activity during peak pollution times. The months of May and September, with moderate temperatures and rainfall, generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities. Fog, common during the cooler months, can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and impacting air quality. Maintaining awareness of local weather patterns and agricultural practices is crucial for protecting respiratory health.