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Mollendo, a coastal city in the Arequipa Region of Peru, occupies a unique geographic position. Situated at coordinates -17.0231, -72.0147, the city’s terrain is relatively flat, transitioning from the Pacific coastline to arid foothills. Its elevation of just above sea level (approximately 39 feet) significantly influences its climate and air quality. Mollendo is nestled between the Pacific Ocean and the arid coastal plains, a landscape characterized by sparse vegetation and a distinct lack of natural air filtration. The city serves as a crucial port for the southern Peruvian agricultural belt, handling significant volumes of agricultural exports, particularly from the fertile valleys inland. This port activity, alongside associated transport infrastructure – roads and rail – contributes to localised pollution. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; immediately inland lies agricultural land, while further inland the terrain rises dramatically towards the Andes. The prevailing winds, generally blowing onshore, carry marine aerosols but can also trap pollutants generated by port operations and vehicle emissions against the foothills, exacerbating air quality issues. The city’s compact urban form, combined with limited green spaces, further restricts natural dispersion of pollutants. The proximity to the ocean moderates temperatures but doesn’t negate the impact of industrial and transport emissions.

Mollendo experiences a distinct arid climate, with a pronounced wet season (roughly December to April) and a dry season (May to November). Air quality generally improves during the wet season due to rainfall scavenging particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also contribute to the formation of fog, which can trap pollutants near the ground, particularly in the early mornings. The dry season, conversely, sees a deterioration in air quality. Strong onshore winds during this period, while bringing cooler temperatures, also carry dust and salt spray from the Pacific, increasing particulate matter concentrations. August and September are typically the months with the poorest air quality, coinciding with peak agricultural export activity at the port. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, exacerbate pollution by preventing vertical mixing of the air. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these months. The wet season, particularly February and March, offers the best air quality, though increased humidity requires consideration. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak port activity times can further mitigate exposure.