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Chepén, nestled in the La Libertad region of northern Peru at approximately -7.2271° latitude and -79.4298° longitude, occupies a geographically complex and strategically important position. The city sits within a valley carved by the Chepén River, surrounded by the foothills of the Andes Mountains, resulting in a relatively enclosed topography. This valley setting significantly influences local air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to sugarcane cultivation, and increasingly, mining operations in the broader La Libertad region. This proximity to both intensive agriculture and resource extraction contributes to potential pollution sources. Chepén’s elevation, around 350 meters (1150 feet) above sea level, places it within a transitional zone between the arid coastal plains and the higher, wetter Andean slopes. The urban fabric of Chepén is characterized by a gradual urban–rural gradient, with denser residential areas concentrated closer to the river and expanding outwards into more sparsely populated agricultural zones. The city’s location along the Pan-American Highway, a major transportation artery, further contributes to vehicular emissions. The valley’s natural tendency to trap air, combined with agricultural burning practices (particularly during sugarcane harvesting) and potential industrial releases, creates conditions where pollutants can accumulate, especially during periods of low wind and stable atmospheric conditions. The lack of significant large bodies of water nearby limits natural air purification processes, exacerbating the challenges in maintaining clean air.

Chepén’s climate, typical of the northern Peruvian coast, exhibits a distinct wet and dry season pattern rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, generally spanning from May to November, is characterized by consistently high temperatures and minimal rainfall. During this period, stagnant air conditions are more frequent, particularly during the mornings, leading to potential pollutant accumulation. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and sugarcane residue disposal, intensifies during the dry season, significantly contributing to particulate matter pollution. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are also more prevalent, further hindering pollutant dispersion. The wet season, from December to April, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity. While rainfall can help to wash pollutants from the atmosphere, the increased humidity can also contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone under certain conditions. Fog, common during the wet season, can trap pollutants close to the ground, creating localized air quality concerns. Months like July and August, within the dry season, often experience the poorest air quality due to the combination of agricultural burning and stable atmospheric conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor activity during these periods, especially in the early morning. During the wet season, while overall air quality may improve, periods of dense fog necessitate caution, as pollutants can become concentrated in these localized areas.