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Supe, a coastal city in the Lima Region of Peru, occupies a geographically significant position within the country’s arid coastal plain. Located at coordinates -10.8017, -77.7436, the city sits approximately 130km north of Lima, nestled between the Pacific Ocean and the foothills of the Andes Mountains. The terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the coastal *lomas* ecosystem, though gently sloping towards the sea. Supe’s elevation is relatively low, around 180 meters above sea level, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural zones, particularly those dedicated to sugarcane and fruit cultivation, alongside expanding urban development. The proximity to the Pacific Ocean introduces maritime influences, including coastal fog (*garúa*) and moderate humidity. However, the ocean’s influence is often limited in its ability to fully flush out pollutants due to prevailing wind patterns. The urban-rural gradient is becoming increasingly blurred as Supe experiences population growth and industrial activity related to agricultural processing. This expansion, coupled with the region’s naturally limited ventilation, exacerbates air quality challenges. The city’s location within a narrow coastal strip restricts airflow, trapping pollutants and contributing to localized air quality issues. The lack of significant natural barriers to the east allows for the potential influx of pollutants from inland sources.

Supe experiences a distinct arid climate, characterized by a prolonged dry season (May to November) and a relatively short, mild wet season (December to April). Air quality in Supe generally deteriorates during the dry season. The lack of rainfall means pollutants aren’t effectively washed from the atmosphere, leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter, particularly dust from agricultural activities and construction. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level. November and December often see the highest levels of particulate matter as agricultural burning increases before the rains arrive. The wet season brings temporary relief, with rainfall scavenging pollutants and improving air quality. However, even during the wet season, localized pollution from vehicle emissions and small-scale industries persists. February and March are typically the clearest months. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in the late afternoons and evenings. During peak pollution periods, using N95 masks can offer some protection. Monitoring local conditions and avoiding areas with visible haze is also advisable. The prevailing southerly winds can sometimes bring pollutants from Lima, impacting Supe’s air quality.