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Lagangilang, nestled in the province of Abra in the Philippines, occupies a geographically significant position within the Cordillera Administrative Region. Located at approximately 17.61° N, 120.73° E and an elevation averaging around 1,400 meters (4,593 feet) above sea level, the town’s topography is dominated by steep, rugged terrain characteristic of the Cordillera mountain range. This mountainous landscape significantly influences local air quality. Lagangilang sits within a transitional zone, exhibiting a gradual urban-rural gradient. While the town center demonstrates a modest level of development with residential areas and small commercial establishments, the surrounding areas are predominantly agricultural, with rice terraces and small-scale farming being the primary land use. The proximity to these agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during burning seasons associated with land clearing and crop residue management. The town is not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though seasonal streams and rivers carve through the landscape, influencing local humidity and potentially affecting the dispersion of pollutants. Lagangilang’s isolation within the mountains limits the influence of larger industrial belts found in coastal regions of the Philippines. The prevailing winds, channeled by the surrounding peaks, can create localized areas of stagnant air, particularly within valleys, potentially trapping pollutants and exacerbating air quality issues. The steep slopes also contribute to soil erosion, which can further increase particulate matter in the air.

Lagangilang’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices; farmers may engage in controlled burning of rice straw and vegetation to prepare fields for planting, releasing smoke and particulate matter into the atmosphere. The relatively stable atmospheric conditions during this period, sometimes characterized by temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath warmer air, can hinder the vertical dispersion of these pollutants, leading to localized air quality degradation. The wet season, from June to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can also lead to increased dampness and the potential for mold growth, impacting indoor air quality. Fog, common during the cooler months, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating temporary pockets of reduced visibility and potentially affecting respiratory health. During the transition months (May/June and October/November), wind patterns are often variable, which can lead to unpredictable fluctuations in air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning, and be mindful of potential fog events. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial during these times.