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Polangui, Albay, Philippines, occupies a strategically important location within the Bicol Region, nestled on the eastern slopes of Mount Malinao and bordering the Philippine Sea. Its coordinates (13.2922, 123.4856) place it within a dynamic landscape characterized by a gradual urban–rural gradient. The city’s terrain is predominantly hilly, with elevations ranging from approximately 10 to 30 meters above sea level closer to the coastal areas, rising significantly towards the inland slopes of Mount Malinao. This topography influences local wind patterns and can contribute to localized air quality challenges. Polangui is situated near the Burias Strait, a significant waterway impacting regional weather systems and potentially carrying pollutants from maritime activities. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural lands – primarily rice paddies and coconut plantations – and secondary forests, typical of the Bicol region. While Polangui itself is a growing urban center, it’s surrounded by rural communities, creating a transitional zone. The proximity to the Mayon Volcano, though not directly adjacent, is relevant as volcanic ashfall events, though infrequent, can significantly degrade air quality. Industrial activity is relatively limited within Polangui itself, but nearby industrial zones in Legazpi City and Tabaco City could contribute to regional pollution transport. The prevailing easterly trade winds, common throughout the year, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, but can also carry them from other areas. The city’s location within a seismically active zone also influences land use and potential for dust generation following ground disturbances.

Polangui’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting air quality. The wet season, typically spanning from June to November, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity. While rain naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by scrubbing pollutants, the increased humidity can trap particulate matter closer to the ground, particularly during periods of reduced wind. The monsoon season, a subset of the wet season, often brings prolonged periods of rain and fog, which can exacerbate this effect. Conversely, the dry season (December to May) generally sees clearer skies and more consistent wind patterns, aiding in pollutant dispersal. However, the dry season also brings higher temperatures, which can increase the formation of ground-level ozone, a secondary pollutant formed through chemical reactions involving sunlight and precursor gases. Months like April and May often experience periods of stagnant air, particularly in the valleys, leading to localized pollution build-up. During the dry season, agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing, can significantly contribute to particulate matter pollution. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during periods of agricultural burning and when fog or haze reduces visibility. The impact of volcanic ashfall, though unpredictable, can dramatically degrade air quality regardless of the season, requiring immediate protective measures such as wearing masks and limiting outdoor exposure. Consistent monitoring of local weather conditions is crucial for anticipating and mitigating air quality risks.