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Currimao, Ilocos Norte, Philippines, occupies a strategically important coastal position on the western edge of Luzon Island. Situated at approximately 18.0203° N, 120.4864° E, the town’s geography is defined by its proximity to the South China Sea, a significant factor influencing its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The terrain is generally flat, transitioning gently from the coastline to slightly undulating agricultural lands inland. Elevation rarely exceeds 30 meters above sea level, minimizing the potential for topographic barriers to air dispersion. Currimao’s location within the Ilocos Region places it within a predominantly rural landscape, characterized by extensive rice paddies and agricultural fields, interspersed with small settlements. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with Currimao itself exhibiting a modest level of urban development, primarily concentrated around the town center and along the coastal road. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the region experiences agricultural activity involving burning practices, which can contribute to localized air pollution events. The prevailing winds, influenced by the monsoon patterns, generally blow from the west, carrying maritime air inland. The surrounding landscape consists largely of agricultural land and mangrove forests along the coastline, which can act as natural filters, though their capacity is limited by the scale of potential pollution sources. The coastal location also means the town is susceptible to sea breezes, which can influence local wind patterns and air mixing.

Currimao’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, significantly impacting air quality patterns. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, often sees a slight improvement in air quality due to reduced rainfall and lower humidity. However, this period also coincides with increased agricultural burning, particularly during land preparation for the planting season, leading to localized spikes in particulate matter. The wet season, from June to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, which generally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by washing away pollutants. Monsoon winds during this period can also disperse pollutants more effectively, although periods of prolonged rainfall can sometimes lead to stagnant air conditions, especially in low-lying areas. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the cooler months (December-February), trapping pollutants near the ground and exacerbating air quality concerns. The months of March and April are particularly noteworthy, as they often see a combination of dry conditions and agricultural burning, potentially leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated particulate levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor activity and avoiding areas with visible smoke. During the wet season, while overall air quality tends to be better, individuals with allergies may experience increased symptoms due to high humidity and pollen levels. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation is crucial throughout the year.