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Oton, Iloilo, Philippines, occupies a strategically important position within the Panay Island region. Located approximately 9 kilometers northeast of Iloilo City, the provincial capital, Oton functions as a vital agricultural and residential hub, experiencing a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards from its core. The municipality sits on a relatively flat alluvial plain, a consequence of centuries of sediment deposition from the nearby Jalaur River and its tributaries. This terrain, while facilitating agriculture, also contributes to potential air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by rice paddies, interspersed with coconut plantations and smaller farms, forming a significant agricultural belt. The proximity to the Iloilo Strait, to the east, introduces a maritime influence, impacting local wind patterns and humidity levels. Elevation is minimal, rarely exceeding 20 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants, particularly during periods of stable atmospheric conditions. While Oton itself lacks major industrial zones, its close proximity to Iloilo City means it is indirectly affected by industrial emissions and vehicular traffic. The town’s growth is driven by its role as a commuter town for Iloilo City, leading to increased vehicle usage and associated air pollution. The fertile soil and flat topography, while beneficial for agriculture, also mean that dust from agricultural activities can become a localized air quality concern, especially during the dry season.

Oton’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter due to agricultural activities like land clearing and burning of crop residues, although regulations aim to minimize this. Dust from unpaved roads also becomes more prevalent during this period. The wet season, from June to October, brings monsoon rains that generally cleanse the atmosphere, washing away pollutants and reducing particulate concentrations. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can lead to increased humidity, which can trap certain gaseous pollutants closer to the ground. Meteorological conditions play a crucial role; periods of calm winds and temperature inversions, more common during the transition months (November and April), can lead to pollutant accumulation, particularly near the town center. Fog, though infrequent, can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and impacting air quality. During the wet season, heavy rainfall can temporarily improve air quality, but flooding can release pollutants from stagnant water sources. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be particularly mindful during the dry season and periods of stagnant air. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, especially after rainfall events. While the monsoon season offers respite, it’s important to remain aware of potential flooding and associated waterborne health risks. The interplay of rainfall, wind patterns, and agricultural practices shapes Oton’s air quality throughout the year.