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Agoo, nestled in the province of La Union, Philippines (16.3220° N, 120.3647° E), occupies a geographically significant position along the eastern edge of the Lingayen Gulf. The city’s terrain is characterized by a gentle slope rising from the coastal plains towards the interior, influenced by the Cordillera Central mountain range to the east. This proximity to the mountains creates a localized valley effect, which can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Agoo’s urban character is primarily residential and agricultural, with a developing commercial sector centered around its public market and main thoroughfares. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of rice paddies, coconut plantations, and small-scale farms, contributing to agricultural emissions, particularly during harvest seasons. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth, with agricultural land gradually transitioning into residential areas. The city’s location along the coast means it is susceptible to sea breezes, which can disperse pollutants but also carry marine aerosols. While Agoo isn't directly adjacent to major industrial belts, it benefits from its position within the broader Ilocos Region, which has some light manufacturing and processing industries. The Lingayen Gulf itself influences local humidity and temperature, impacting atmospheric stability and pollutant dispersion. The elevation, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively low vertical mixing of air, potentially exacerbating ground-level pollution events. The prevailing winds generally blow from the northeast during the cooler months, and southwest during the warmer months, influencing the direction of pollutant transport.

Agoo’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning November to May, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter due to agricultural burning practices associated with land preparation for the next planting cycle. While controlled burns are sometimes employed, they can contribute to localized smoke and haze, particularly in the early morning hours. The wet season, from June to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away pollutants and higher humidity promotes atmospheric stability. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can also lead to stagnant air conditions, especially when coupled with fog, which frequently blankets the coastal areas. Temperature inversions, more common during the cooler, drier months, trap pollutants near the ground, potentially leading to elevated concentrations. Monsoon winds, particularly during the southwest monsoon (Habagat), can bring cleaner air from the west, but also introduce moisture and contribute to fog formation. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, particularly during periods of consistent rainfall. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, especially during agricultural burning periods, and be mindful of potential fog-related air quality issues. The combination of humidity and temperature fluctuations can also exacerbate respiratory sensitivities, so staying hydrated and avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak heat and humidity is advisable.