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Cabuyao occupies a strategic position in Laguna province, Philippines, nestled within the rapidly urbanising corridor between Metro Manila to the north and the agricultural heartlands of Southern Luzon. Situated at approximately 14.2750°N, 121.1250°E, the city lies on the northwestern shores of Laguna de Bay, Southeast Asia's largest freshwater lake, which profoundly influences its microclimate and air quality dynamics. The terrain is predominantly flat lowland, with elevations averaging around 15 meters above sea level, facilitating urban sprawl but also trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Cabuyao forms part of the Calabarzon industrial belt, hosting numerous manufacturing plants, particularly in the Carmelray Industrial Park, which contribute significantly to local emissions. The city's location places it within the urban–rural gradient transitioning from the dense metropolis of Manila to the rice fields and coconut plantations of Laguna's interior. This positioning means Cabuyao experiences both urban pollution from its own industrial activities and vehicular traffic, as well as transboundary haze from Metro Manila, especially during northeasterly winds. The proximity to Laguna de Bay introduces moisture that can exacerbate particulate matter formation, while the lack of significant topographic barriers allows pollutants to accumulate during periods of atmospheric stagnation. The city's rapid population growth to over 355,000 residents has intensified land use changes, reducing green spaces that might otherwise help mitigate air quality impacts.

Cabuyao's air quality follows distinct seasonal patterns shaped by the Philippines' tropical monsoon climate, though specific AQI data requires local monitoring. During the dry season from January to April, pollution typically peaks due to increased industrial activity, construction dust, and vehicular emissions, compounded by temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. March and April are particularly problematic as temperatures rise and winds diminish, creating stagnant conditions that concentrate particulate matter—sensitive groups should limit outdoor exertion during these months. The transition to the wet season in May brings some relief through afternoon thunderstorms that scrub the atmosphere, though initial rains may temporarily increase humidity-related discomfort. From June to September, the southwest monsoon (habagat) dominates, with frequent rains improving air quality but occasionally causing haze transport from Metro Manila when winds shift. October to December marks the northeast monsoon (amihan) period, bringing cooler, drier air that generally disperses pollutants more effectively, making these months favourable for outdoor activities. However, occasional fog formation in early mornings during this period can temporarily reduce visibility and trap emissions. Throughout the year, sensitive populations—including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions—should monitor local air quality advisories, use masks during peak pollution periods, and plan outdoor activities for late mornings when mixing heights are highest. The city's industrial emissions remain a year-round concern, particularly during windless days regardless of season.