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Marantao, nestled in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines, occupies a geographically significant position within the expansive Lake Lanao basin. Located at approximately 7.95° N, 124.23° E, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the mountainous region of Mindanao. Its elevation, while not exceptionally high, contributes to localized microclimates and influences air circulation patterns. The city’s proximity to Lake Lanao, the largest lake in Mindanao, plays a crucial role in moderating temperatures and influencing humidity levels, though it also introduces potential for waterborne pollutants if improperly managed. Surrounding Marantao are predominantly agricultural lands, with rice paddies and small-scale farming being the dominant land use. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution, particularly during burning seasons. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Marantao itself is a small municipality, transitioning quickly to rural agricultural landscapes. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Marantao, however, larger industrial areas in nearby cities like Iligan can occasionally influence regional air quality. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the lake and surrounding mountains, dictate the dispersal of pollutants, creating areas of higher or lower concentration depending on the season and local topography. The basin's geography tends to trap pollutants, especially during periods of low wind speed, impacting air quality within the municipality.

Marantao’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often sees a rise in particulate matter pollution. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices, specifically the burning of crop residue after harvest, a common, though often discouraged, method of land preparation. Reduced rainfall during this period also limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, allowing pollutants to persist. The wet season, from June to November, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can stir up dust and sediment, temporarily degrading air quality. During the transition months (February and December), the interplay of receding and advancing monsoon winds can create unstable atmospheric conditions, sometimes leading to temperature inversions, particularly in the valleys. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality issues. Fog, common during the cooler months, can also contribute to reduced visibility and increased concentrations of certain pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and periods of stagnant air. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, but awareness of potential flooding-related dust events is still advised.