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Culaba, nestled on Leyte Island in the Philippines (11.6578°N, 124.5425°E), is a coastal municipality characterized by a relatively flat terrain transitioning to gently rolling hills inland. With a population of approximately 12,972, Culaba’s urban character is distinctly rural, a small town heavily reliant on fishing and agriculture. The municipality fronts on the Carigara Bay, a section of Leyte Gulf, and this proximity significantly influences local air quality. Sea breezes offer some dispersion of pollutants, but also carry salt spray which can contribute to aerosol formation. Surrounding Culaba are extensive rice paddies and coconut plantations, typical of Leyte’s agricultural landscape. While Culaba itself lacks heavy industry, the broader Leyte region has pockets of industrial activity, particularly around Tacloban City, which can contribute to regional background pollution levels transported by prevailing winds. The urban-rural gradient is sharp; immediately surrounding the town proper are agricultural lands, meaning potential for agricultural burning impacts. The island’s position within the typhoon belt also means frequent, intense weather events that can both clear and exacerbate air pollution depending on wind direction and rainfall. The low elevation makes Culaba particularly vulnerable to sea level rise and storm surges, indirectly impacting long-term environmental health.

Culaba experiences a pronounced wet and dry season, dictating the rhythm of its air quality. The dry season, typically from March to May, sees a peak in particulate matter due to increased agricultural burning for land preparation and drier conditions facilitating dust suspension. This period is often accompanied by calmer winds, reducing pollutant dispersion. Conversely, the wet season, running from June to February, generally brings improved air quality. Monsoon rains effectively wash away airborne particles, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the wet season also brings the risk of flooding, which can mobilize pollutants from contaminated areas. November to January, coinciding with the northeast monsoon (Amihan), often experiences increased cloud cover and potential temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. For those with respiratory sensitivities, avoiding outdoor exertion during the peak dry season months of April and May is advisable. The months of September and October, transitioning from the wet to dry season, generally offer the most favourable air quality. Regular monitoring of weather patterns and avoiding areas with active burning are crucial for protecting respiratory health.