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Tabontabon, Leyte, Philippines, occupies a strategically important coastal position within the Eastern Visayas region. Located at approximately 11.03° N, 124.97° E, the municipality sits on the eastern coast of Leyte Island, facing the Philippine Sea. The terrain is predominantly undulating, transitioning from low-lying coastal plains to gently sloping hills inland. This topography influences local wind patterns and can contribute to localized air quality variations. Tabontabon’s proximity to the sea moderates temperatures, but also introduces marine aerosols and potential saltwater intrusion impacting air composition. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily rice paddies and coconut plantations – and scattered pockets of secondary forest. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can be a source of particulate matter, particularly during harvesting and land preparation. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual; Tabontabon is a small municipality, and the transition to rural areas is seamless. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, its location within Leyte province means it is indirectly influenced by regional development and potential industrial emissions from larger urban centers like Tacloban City. The elevation, generally below 50 meters above sea level, limits vertical mixing of pollutants, potentially trapping them closer to the ground, especially during periods of stable atmospheric conditions. The coastal location also makes the municipality vulnerable to sea breezes, which can disperse pollutants but also carry marine-derived particles.

Tabontabon’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, significantly impacting air quality patterns. The wet season, typically from June to November, brings frequent rainfall and high humidity. While rainfall naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, the associated increased cloud cover can suppress dispersion, leading to periods of stagnant air, particularly during prolonged rainfall events. The northeast monsoon (Amihan) during this period brings cooler temperatures and stronger winds, generally improving air quality by flushing out pollutants. Conversely, the dry season (December to May) is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures. This often results in increased concentrations of pollutants, especially during the hottest months (April and May). Temperature inversions, common during these periods, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the issue. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing prior to planting, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during the transition months (March-May). Fog, though infrequent, can also trap pollutants, creating localized pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of haze or stagnant air. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, especially when accompanied by rainfall or strong winds. The increased humidity can also exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals, so appropriate precautions should be taken.