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Parang, situated in the province of Maguindanao, Philippines (7.3744°N, 124.2686°E), is a coastal municipality nestled on the shores of Illana Bay, a vital extension of the larger Sarangani Bay. The terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of alluvial plains formed by the Tamontaka River and its tributaries, which drain from the nearby highlands. This low elevation makes the city particularly vulnerable to both flooding and the concentration of air pollutants. With a population of 102,914, Parang functions as a regional trading hub, connecting inland agricultural areas with coastal fishing communities. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of rice paddies, coconut plantations, and mangrove forests, typical of the Mindanao region. While not heavily industrialized, the presence of local processing facilities for agricultural products and a growing number of small-scale businesses contribute to localized emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with denser settlement concentrated along the national highway and coastal areas, transitioning quickly to agricultural land. The open waters of Illana Bay offer some dispersion of pollutants, but prevailing wind patterns can also trap them, especially during calmer periods. The city’s location within a tropical climate zone significantly influences air quality dynamics, as detailed below.

Parang experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influenced by the prevailing monsoon winds. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (roughly June to November) as rainfall effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, impacting respiratory health. The northeast monsoon brings consistent rainfall and winds from the Pacific, dispersing pollutants, making October and November the most favourable months for outdoor activity. Conversely, the dry season (December to May) sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and increased dust from agricultural activities. February and March are typically the worst months, with drier conditions and calmer winds leading to stagnation. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can occur during the early morning hours, trapping pollutants near the ground. Smoke from agricultural burning, a common practice for land preparation, significantly degrades air quality during the dry season. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these periods and consider using air purifiers indoors. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as pollutants can be transported from nearby areas.