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Tagoloan, nestled in the province of Misamis Oriental on the northern coast of Mindanao Island in the Philippines, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Situated at 8.5300°N, 124.7500°E, the city occupies a coastal plain bordering Macajalar Bay. The terrain is generally flat, rising gently inland towards the foothills of the central Mindanao highlands. This proximity to the sea introduces a constant supply of moisture and influences local wind patterns. Tagoloan’s urban character is increasingly defined by its role as an industrial hub, particularly with the presence of the Phividec Industrial Estate, a significant economic driver but also a potential source of pollution. Surrounding the city are agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to rice and corn cultivation, alongside pockets of coconut plantations. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from industrial and commercial zones to agricultural landscapes. This coastal location, combined with the prevailing winds and the concentration of industry, creates specific challenges for air quality management. The bay’s limited flushing capacity can exacerbate pollutant concentrations, particularly during periods of calm weather. The city’s position also makes it susceptible to transboundary pollution from other industrial areas in the region.

Tagoloan experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from March to May, sees a peak in particulate matter pollution. Lower rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and increased dust from agricultural activities and industrial processes accumulates. Stronger sunlight also promotes photochemical smog formation. Conversely, the wet season, running from June to February, generally brings improved air quality. Frequent rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and higher humidity reduces dust suspension. However, the wet season also brings the northeast monsoon, which can transport pollutants from other areas of Mindanao. November to January often experience increased rainfall and occasional typhoons, further diluting pollutants but potentially causing localised flooding and associated health risks. Temperature inversions, common during calmer periods, can trap pollutants near ground level, worsening air quality. For those with respiratory sensitivities, avoiding outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season (April-May) is advisable. The months of September and October, transitioning from the wet to dry season, generally offer the most favourable conditions. Monitoring wind direction during monsoon shifts is crucial for understanding pollution sources.