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Calapan City, the capital of Oriental Mindoro in the Philippines, occupies a strategic coastal position on the eastern side of the island. Situated at approximately 13.4140°N, 121.1800°E, the city’s geography is defined by a relatively flat coastal plain rising gently inland towards the foothills of the mountains that dominate the island’s interior. This terrain influences air quality by limiting natural dispersion of pollutants, particularly during calm weather conditions. Calapan Bay directly impacts the city, providing a crucial transport route but also potentially trapping pollutants near the shoreline. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily coconut plantations and rice paddies – and increasingly, urban development. While Calapan isn’t a major industrial hub, smaller-scale industries like fish processing and agricultural product handling contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is noticeable, with air quality generally deteriorating closer to the city centre due to traffic and commercial activity. The city’s location makes it susceptible to seasonal monsoon winds, which can both clear and concentrate pollutants depending on their direction and intensity. The proximity to Verde Island Passage, a renowned biodiversity hotspot, means any significant pollution event has wider ecological implications. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for effective air quality management in Calapan.

Calapan experiences a pronounced wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from December to May, sees a build-up of particulate matter due to reduced rainfall and increased dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities. February and March are often the driest months, and consequently, can experience the poorest air quality. Calm winds during this period exacerbate the issue, leading to localised pollution hotspots. The onset of the wet season, around June, brings relief as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the southwest monsoon (Habagat) can also transport pollutants from other areas of Luzon, impacting Calapan’s air. August and September, peak monsoon months, can see fluctuating air quality depending on wind direction. November marks a transitional period, with improving conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in the city centre. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, increased humidity can trigger respiratory issues in some individuals. Monitoring wind patterns and rainfall is key to predicting pollution events.