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Polomolok is strategically positioned in the province of South Cotabato, serving as a highly vital gateway within the Southern Mindanao region. Its urban character is defined by a unique symbiosis between commercial development and expansive agricultural landscapes, dominated largely by the vast pineapple plantations that stretch across the valley. The city's geography is profoundly influenced by its proximity to Mount Matutum, a dormant volcano that looms over the horizon, creating a dramatic elevation gradient that dictates local weather patterns. This volcanic terrain provides fertile soils but also creates a topographical basin effect where air masses can occasionally stagnate, trapping pollutants near the surface. The transition from the dense municipal center to the rural periphery is seamless, characterized by a mix of residential clusters and industrial processing plants. While the city lacks major coastal influences, its inland position means it relies on mountain-valley breezes for ventilation. The surrounding landscape consists of lush tropical forests and cultivated fields, which act as natural carbon sinks, partially mitigating the emissions from local transport and agro-industrial activities. However, the concentration of logistics hubs and the movement of heavy machinery through the urban–rural gradient introduce particulate matter into the atmosphere. The interplay between the cooling influence of the highlands and the warmth of the lowland plains generates localized wind currents that distribute pollutants unevenly, often concentrating them in the lower-lying residential zones during the quiet, windless early morning hours.

Polomolok experiences a tropical climate characterized by two very distinct primary seasons: the dry season and the wet season. During the dry period, spanning from December to May, the atmosphere often becomes laden with suspended particulate matter. This peak in pollution is driven by the combination of road dust from unpaved agricultural tracks and the occasional practice of seasonal biomass burning in the surrounding fields. Meteorological stagnation and temperature inversions during the cooler months of January and February can trap these pollutants close to the ground, reducing visibility and degrading air quality. Conversely, the wet season, typically from June to November, brings the refreshing influence of the southwest monsoon. Frequent and heavy rainfall acts as a natural scrubbing mechanism, washing pollutants out of the air and significantly lowering the concentration of airborne dust. This period is generally the healthiest for outdoor activities, though high humidity can exacerbate respiratory discomfort for some. Sensitive groups, including children and the elderly, should exercise caution during the peak dry months of March and April when heat and dust are most prevalent. It is advised to limit strenuous outdoor exercise during midday peaks when ozone precursors are most active. By monitoring the wind shifts coming from Mount Matutum, residents can identify periods of better ventilation. Overall, this annual seasonal cycle creates a rhythmic oscillation between the clarity of the monsoon rains and the hazy, dust-prone atmosphere of the summer months.