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Cantilan, nestled in the province of Surigao del Sur, Philippines, occupies a coastal position along the Pacific Ocean at approximately 9.3356°N, 125.9769°E. The municipality’s terrain is characterized by a blend of low-lying coastal plains and increasingly rugged, mountainous interiors as one moves inland. This topography significantly influences local air quality. Cantilan benefits from prevailing winds off the Pacific, which generally aid in dispersing pollutants, but the surrounding hills can also trap air during periods of calm. The urban character is predominantly rural, with the town centre representing a concentrated area of activity. Surrounding Cantilan are extensive agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to coconut, banana, and rice cultivation. While large-scale industrial activity is limited within Cantilan itself, regional mining operations and processing facilities further inland contribute to background particulate matter levels. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; moving just a few kilometers from the town proper brings a noticeable improvement in air quality. Proximity to the ocean introduces sea salt aerosols, impacting particulate composition, and the humidity contributes to secondary pollutant formation. The coastline’s exposure to typhoons also plays a role, as storm surges can redistribute pollutants and disrupt normal atmospheric circulation patterns.

Cantilan experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (roughly November to May) due to increased rainfall which effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, high humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. The northeast monsoon, dominant from November to April, brings consistent winds that help disperse pollutants, though these winds can also carry haze from regional agricultural burning. The driest months, February to April, often see a slight deterioration in air quality as dust and agricultural emissions accumulate. The transition periods – October/November and May/June – can be particularly challenging, with calmer winds and increased agricultural activity. During these months, smoke from land preparation for planting and post-harvest burning is common. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion during these periods. Fog can occasionally form in the early mornings, trapping pollutants near the ground. Avoiding strenuous activity during peak heat hours in the dry season is also advisable to minimize respiratory irritation. Monitoring wind direction is key; winds from inland areas may carry higher concentrations of agricultural smoke.