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Cortes, Surigao del Sur, Philippines, occupies a strategically important coastal position on the northeastern coast of Mindanao Island. Situated at approximately 9.2753° N, 126.1911° E, the town’s geography is defined by a gently sloping coastal plain transitioning into rolling hills and eventually, the rugged slopes of the Diwata Mountain Range to the west. This range significantly influences local weather patterns and air circulation. Cortes lies along the coast of Pujada Bay, a significant body of water known for its rich marine biodiversity and sheltered waters. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land – primarily coconut and banana plantations – interspersed with small-scale farming communities and patches of secondary forest. The urban character of Cortes is distinctly rural, with a small, concentrated settlement centered around the municipal hall and port area. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; beyond the immediate town center, the landscape quickly reverts to agricultural and forested areas. The proximity to the bay moderates temperatures, but also introduces potential for sea salt aerosol deposition, impacting local air quality. While Cortes isn't directly within a major industrial belt, its location along a key shipping route means occasional vessel emissions contribute to localized air pollution. The terrain, with its hills and valleys, can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed, creating microclimates with varying air quality conditions. The elevation, averaging around 15-30 meters above sea level, influences the dispersion of pollutants, generally favouring coastal breezes but also allowing for localized inversions.

Cortes, experiencing a tropical climate, doesn't have distinct four seasons but rather a wet and dry season. The dry season, typically from March to May, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter due to agricultural burning practices in surrounding areas preparing land for planting. While not industrial, these localized burns contribute to a noticeable haze, particularly during periods of calm winds. The wet season, from June to November, brings monsoon rains and significantly improves air quality. Frequent rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased wind speeds associated with the monsoon season disperse any remaining contaminants. Fog, a relatively infrequent occurrence, can sometimes trap moisture and pollutants near the coast, leading to temporary reductions in visibility and localized air quality concerns. December to February represents a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures. This period can be susceptible to temperature inversions, especially in the evenings, where cooler air becomes trapped in the valleys, potentially concentrating pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should be mindful of agricultural burning during the dry season and monitor for any signs of respiratory irritation. During the wet season, while overall air quality is better, the increased humidity can exacerbate existing respiratory issues for some individuals. Outdoor activities are generally most favorable during the wet season, with the dry season requiring greater awareness of potential localized pollution events.