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Lianga, nestled in the province of Surigao del Sur, Philippines, occupies a geographically significant position within the Mindanao region. Located at approximately 8.6330° N, 126.0932° E, the municipality sits within a diverse landscape characterized by undulating hills and valleys, transitioning into steeper terrain as one moves towards the Diwata Mountain Range. This range, a vital watershed, significantly influences Lianga’s microclimate and drainage patterns. The city is bisected by the Lianga River, providing a crucial water source and impacting local humidity levels. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural lands – primarily coconut, banana, and rice paddies – interspersed with pockets of secondary rainforest. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during harvesting and burning seasons. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Lianga itself is a small municipality, with a predominantly rural character extending outwards. There's limited heavy industry within Lianga itself, but its proximity to larger regional centers and potential for future development necessitates consideration of air quality impacts. Elevation varies considerably, ranging from low-lying river valleys to higher slopes, influencing local wind patterns and potentially creating areas prone to temperature inversions, which can trap pollutants. The coastal proximity, though not directly on the open sea, still introduces maritime influences, impacting humidity and occasionally bringing in salt aerosols.

Lianga’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter concentrations. This is largely attributable to agricultural practices; controlled burns for land clearing and crop residue disposal are common, releasing smoke and fine particles into the atmosphere. While winds are generally moderate, periods of calm can allow these pollutants to accumulate, particularly in the valleys. The wet season, from June to November, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the air and significantly reducing particulate pollution. Monsoon rains are a dominant factor, flushing out accumulated pollutants and improving overall air quality. Fog, while less frequent than rain, can occasionally form in the cooler, higher elevation areas, trapping pollutants close to the ground. December to February represents a transitional period, with decreasing rainfall and gradually increasing temperatures. During this time, the risk of agricultural burning slowly increases. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of haze or smoke. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although heavy rainfall can still impact visibility and comfort. The interplay of wind patterns, rainfall, and agricultural practices creates a dynamic air quality environment, requiring ongoing monitoring and mitigation strategies.