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Oteiza, nestled within the province of Surigao del Sur in the Philippines, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Located at approximately 8.7437°N, 126.2214°E, the municipality is characterized by a coastal terrain, bordering the Pacific Ocean. The surrounding landscape is predominantly mountainous, with the Diwata Mountains rising inland, creating a complex interplay between marine and terrestrial air masses. Oteiza’s elevation is relatively low-lying, increasing vulnerability to sea breezes and humidity. The urban character is largely rural, with a population of 22,855, indicating a less concentrated source of industrial pollution compared to larger Philippine cities. However, agricultural activities, particularly coconut farming and small-scale rice cultivation, are prevalent in the surrounding areas, contributing to potential particulate matter from land preparation and biomass burning. The proximity to the ocean introduces salt spray, which can affect air composition. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with air quality likely deteriorating closer to the small town center due to localized traffic and domestic fuel combustion. The region’s position within the typhoon belt also means periodic intense rainfall events can temporarily cleanse the air, but also contribute to flooding and associated mold growth, impacting indoor air quality.

Oteiza experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from March to May, sees a peak in particulate matter due to increased agricultural burning for land preparation and drier conditions facilitating dust suspension. This period is often accompanied by calmer winds, leading to localized pollutant build-up. Conversely, the wet season, spanning June to February, brings relief through frequent rainfall which effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, the monsoon winds, particularly during the peak months of December and January, can transport pollutants from other regions of Mindanao, potentially impacting air quality. Temperature inversions, though less common than in temperate climates, can occur during the transition periods, trapping pollutants near the ground. Fog formation during the cooler, wetter months can exacerbate respiratory issues. For those with respiratory sensitivities, avoiding outdoor activity during the peak dry season months of April and May is advisable. The months of September and October, following the heaviest rainfall, generally offer the most favourable air quality conditions. Maintaining good ventilation indoors and using air purifiers during periods of high humidity are recommended for vulnerable populations.