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Tago, a coastal municipality in Surigao del Sur, Philippines, occupies a geographically complex position. Situated at 9.0192°N, 126.2333°E, the city’s terrain is characterised by a blend of low-lying coastal plains and rapidly ascending, densely forested hills. This topography significantly influences local air quality. The municipality fronts the Pacific Ocean, experiencing prevailing winds that can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on seasonal shifts. Tago’s urban character is largely defined by its coastal location, with the majority of the population concentrated in the *poblacion* and adjacent barangays. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural lands – primarily coconut plantations and small-scale farming – and extensive mangrove forests along the coastline. While Tago isn’t a major industrial hub, smaller-scale processing of agricultural products contributes to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; moving inland quickly transitions from residential areas to forested hills. This proximity to natural landscapes generally aids in air purification, but the valley-like formations can trap pollutants during periods of calm weather. The city’s elevation, though generally low, increases inland, creating microclimates that affect pollutant dispersion. The coastal breeze is a key factor, but its effectiveness is reduced during the wet season.

Tago experiences a pronounced wet and dry season, dictating the city’s air quality patterns. The dry season, typically from March to May, sees a peak in particulate matter due to increased dust from agricultural activities and road traffic. Lower rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and stable atmospheric conditions can lead to pollutant build-up, particularly in the valley areas. Conversely, the wet season, from June to February, generally brings improved air quality. Heavy rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased humidity can suppress dust. However, the wet season also brings the risk of flooding, which can mobilise pollutants from soil and stagnant water. The northeast monsoon, dominant from November to February, brings cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, generally favouring cleaner air. August and September, during the peak of the rainy season, are typically the best months for outdoor activity. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting strenuous activity and staying indoors when dust levels are high. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; onshore winds can bring pollutants from nearby areas, while offshore winds offer relief.